Armed with just a camera and a seeming lack of fear, cinema magnate Loke Wan Tho spent hours on the precarious platform at the top of a 12-storey (40 m) wooden tower, not dissuaded by the burning sun or the fact that the tower swayed beneath him in strong winds. At one point, he even endeavoured to sit out a storm while on the platform, though he quickly thought better of it after he became giddy. Why was one of Malaya's richest men risking his life some 40 m above the ground? Loke was on a quest: to snap the perfect photograph of a white-bellied sea eagle.

Loke Wan Tho, as this anecdote reveals, was not your usual business tycoon. With the closure of Cathay Cineplex in June 2022, it is timely to throw the spotlight on Loke, who helmed Cathay and its associated businesses for over two decades before his untimely death at the age of 49.

A Privileged Upbringing

Loke was born on 14 June 1915 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaya, the ninth scion of prominent merchant Loke Yew (born Wong Loke Yew) and his fourth wife, Lim Cheng-Kim. Loke Yew was an impoverished 13-year-old who arrived in Singapore from Guangdong, China, around 1858. Dropping his surname Wong in an attempt to improve his luck, Loke Yew made his fortune through tin-mining before expanding into rice mills, real estate, the motor industry and steam trading. His businesses spanned Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Singapore and beyond. By the turn of the 20th century, Loke Yew had become one of the richest men in Malaya.

He also donated generously to social causes such as schools and hospitals, and became a respected business leader in the Chinese community, not only in Malaya but also in Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. His sudden death in 1917 from malaria left the two-year-old Loke Wan Tho with wealth and in due time the weight of business and philanthropic responsibilities.

Afflicted with poor health, the young Loke was initially educated by a governess and only began attending school at age 12. After a short stint at the Victoria Institution in Kuala Lumpur, a school co-founded by his father, his doctor advised him to move to a place with a better climate to improve his weak constitution. His entire family thus left for Europe in 1929 where Loke continued his education at prestigious schools, excelling in both sports and academics.

He enrolled at Chillon College in Montreux, Switzerland, a boarding school popular with wealthy British colonialists. Set in the scenic alps, the mountain air seemed to do Loke good. He became captain of the school soccer team and set the 1932 long-jump record in the Swiss county of Vaud - a record he held for over 30 years. His athleticism was noticed by the British Olympic sprinter, Harold Abrahams (the subject of the movie Chariots of Fire), who encouraged Loke to train professionally. Unfortunately, a broken ankle put paid to his athletic dreams.

In 1932, Loke Wan Tho won the long-jump record in the Swiss county of Vaud.

Although Loke knew that he would have to eventually run his father's business, he studied English literature "for pleasure, if not for profit". In 1936, Loke graduated from King's College, Cambridge, with an honours degree in English literature and history. He subsequently furthered his studies at the London School of Economics, where he excelled academically and also as an athlete and leader, becoming the school's badminton champion in 1937 and 1938.

Loke Wan Tho in his Mercedes in Cambridge, 1936.

A Film Mogul

Meanwhile, Loke's mother, Mrs Loke Yew (née Lim Cheng-Kim), and a relative, Khoo Teik Ee, were busy setting up the foundations for the family cinema business. Mrs Loke Yew had incorporated Associated Theatres on 18 July 1935 with Khoo and an Englishman, Max Baker, who introduced the first talkies to Singapore in 1929. On 5 August 1936, she established the 1,200-seat Pavilion in Kuala Lumpur, and on 3 October 1939, the iconic Cathay Cinema in Singapore opened its doors.

Loke returned to Singapore in 1940 and the next year, the main tower of the 83.51 metre tall Cathay Building was completed comprising apartments that offered a panoramic view of Singapore and the sea. (Cathay Cinema and Cathay Restaurant were located in the front block.)

The Cathay Building, 1947.

The Japanese invasion of Singapore in December 1941, however, forced a change of plans. In February 1942, Loke boarded the Nora Moller to escape the war. Unfortunately, the vessel was bombed off the Strait of Banka and Loke suffered severe burns to his body and was also temporarily blinded. Rescued by the Australian cruiser Sydney, Loke was taken to a hospital in Batavia (now Jakarta). After a few weeks of recuperation, Loke left for India against his doctor's orders as he had predicted - rightly - that Java would soon suffer the same fate as Singapore. He then spent the war years in India.

During the Japanese Occupation, Cathay Building was used as the local branch of the Japanese Broadcasting Department and the cinema, renamed Dai Toa Gekkizyo (Greater East Asian Theatre), screened Japanese propaganda films. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, Loke returned to Singapore and Cathay became the first cinema to start screening movies in post-war Singapore, reopening on 23 September 1945.

Loke Wan Tho in his office on the fourth floor of Cathay Building, 1946.

In 1947, Loke set up Caravan Films - a joint venture with Overseas Cinematograph Theatres - to bring film and entertainment to estates and villages throughout Singapore and Malaya by using vans carrying projectors, sound equipment and screens. By 1948, Cathay Organisation had cinemas operating in Penang, Borneo and Thailand. By then, Loke was known as one of the wealthiest men in Singapore.

Loke Wan Tho established Caravan Films in December 1947 to bring film entertainment to estates and villages
in Singapore and Malaya by using vans carrying projectors, sound equipment and screens.

In 1953, Loke established Cathay-Keris Studio with Ho Ah Loke, the managing director of Keris Film Productions. Competing against its main rival, Shaw Brothers, Cathay-Keris produced mostly Malay films, including Pontianak (1957), made in both Malay and Chinese. Cathay-Keris's Hang Jebat (1961) is still considered one of the best screenplays of the legend of the titular Malay warrior.

To penetrate the Chinese film market, Loke acquired Yung Hwa Studio in Hong Kong in 1955 for film production and distribution, and subsequently formed the subsidiary, Motion Picture and General Investment Co Ltd (MP&GI), in Hong Kong to run Yung Hwa. MP&GI was a significant player in the Hong Kong market, and made about 250 films between 1956 and 1970.

Loke studied the art of filmmaking as much as the commercial aspects of running a film business. He travelled to India to better understand the craft and invited Hollywood stars to coach his studio's actors. The efforts bore fruit in 1957 when MP&GI became the first Hong Kong studio to garner a prize at the Fourth Asian Film Festival in Tokyo.

Loke's other appointments included the chairmanship of Malayan Banking, Singapore Telephone Board and Malayan Airways. He was also the director of companies such as Great Eastern Life Assurance, Malaya Tribune Press and Sime Darby. In the public sector, Loke served as the pro-chancellor of the University of Malaya and was the first chairman of the board of the National Library in Singapore. For his contributions to the early Malayan film industry, Loke was conferred a Dato by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 1961.

A Bird Lover

In addition to being a successful businessman, Loke was also a serious nature lover. His passion for ornithology went hand in hand with that of photography. Introduced to the camera at age 12, Loke clinched his first photographic award for a photograph of the Matterhorn just three years later. During a summer vacation while still a student in Cambridge, Loke had the opportunity to sharpen his photography skills under master photographer G.L. Hawkins.

Much of Loke's summer vacations were spent at Pembrokeshire where the Welsh coastland, enlivened by a great variety of coastal birds, ignited in the young Loke a fascination for birds. He later published a book titled A Company of Birds (1957), showcasing his photographs of birds in India, New Guinea and Malaya.

The frontispiece and title page of Loke Wan Tho's A Company of Birds published in 1957.

During one of these jaunts to Pembrokeshire, Loke managed to capture a raven attacking a heron on film. As Singapore's former Governor-General Malcolm MacDonald poetically noted in his foreword to Loke's book, A Company of Birds: "[Loke] watched a Raven work off a fit of rage by chasing a Heron. When the pursuit ended the Heron was still free, but Loke was a captive."

Loke's love for birds was enhanced during the years he spent in India while Singapore was under Japanese rule. There, Loke was introduced to the Indian ornithologist Salim Ali, a leading figure in the field. Almost 20 years his senior, Salim became Loke's mentor, taking him on expeditions to survey birds in the rugged landscapes of Kutch (in Gujarat) and Kashmir. As Loke was unable to return home due to the war, he remained in India for a couple of years and the two men became firm friends.

Loke Wan Tho (right) and Indian ornithologist Salim Ali preparing equipment before a field trip.

Conditions in the field were primitive and Loke confessed that outdoor living without access to a water-closet was not something he would "become wholly accustomed" to, but he recognised that "these petty discomforts were a cheap price to pay for the opportunity to study bird life at close quarters".

Loke Wan Tho emerging from his cloth hide on a rock to photograph sea birds off Changi in Singapore, 1952.

The experience not only taught Loke how to accurately observe birds in their natural habitats, but also to take concise notes and preserve specimens for museums. It was through this study of birds that Loke found his diverse passions - for books, photography and outdoor adventures - meld into a single obsession. In the mid-1950s, Loke funded two expeditions to Sikkim, led by Salim, resulting in the publication Birds of Sikkim (1962), authored by the latter.

Despite his busy work schedule, Loke returned to India frequently to photograph birds with Salim, travelling to Kashmir, Sikkim and the Himalayas. These expeditions extended into New Guinea in 1952, where Loke became one of the early bird photographers on the island. He even ventured to far-flung locations such as Finland near the Arctic circle to pursue his passion.

Loke's images of birds were the result of hours of patience waiting in dangerous and awkward positions, or from trekking through treacherous jungle and mountainous terrain. In his foreword to Loke's book, A Company of Birds, MacDonald gave a firsthand account of Loke's dedication, based on the fact that Loke's 40-metre-high tower was built in MacDonald's garden in Johor.

"At weekends, Loke would arrive [from Singapore] to take his pictures," MacDonald wrote. "Hour after hour he sat aloft on his small platform. The tropical sun almost roasted him alive, his camera had to be worked from an angle which nearly sent him crashing headlong from his perch." As MacDonald noted, a strong wind would make the tower sway "like the mast of a ship on a heaving ocean". Once, Loke tried to ride out a storm on the platform but "had to descend hastily because he got giddy. It was an extraordinary demonstration of crazy heroism".

Loke's efforts paid off with dramatic photographs of the white-bellied sea eagles. The images were later used as a template for the crest design of the Singapore Island Country Club where Loke had served as its first president.

Loke Wan Tho's photograph of the white-bellied sea eagle returning to its nest.

Some of Loke's photographs of Malayan birds were also made into Christmas cards and postcards. Indeed, the image on the back of the Singapore one-dollar note in the bird series is believed to have been based on Loke's 1952 photographs of black-naped terns on Squance Rock (also known as Loyang Rock) off Changi.

In 1954, Loke was made an Associate of the Royal Photographic Society. He was conferred the Fellowship of the Photographic Society of America in 1961, on top of other awards in the US and the UK.

Unsurprisingly, Loke was a staunch supporter of various nature organisations such as the International Council for Bird Preservation, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. He also contributed actively to the Malayan Nature Society, becoming an honorary life member in 1961 and serving as its vice-president in 1962.

Loke was also a connoisseur of the arts. He and his second wife Christina Lee shared a love for Chinese ceramics. In 1963, Loke donated 500 photographs of birds, people and places to Malaysia's National Art Gallery. The collection included famous images by Armenian-Canadian photographer Yousuf Karsh and those by well-known American landscape photographer and environmentalist Ansel Adams.

Loke Wan Tho with his second wife Christina Lee and American actor Jerry Lewis.

An Untimely Demise

Running Cathay Organisation and its associated businesses proved challenging in the face of stiff competition from Shaw Brothers. The company also had to deal with the increasing political tumult in post-war Singapore as well as financial losses and bleeding business investments.31 By 1958, as the film business as a whole faced a decline, Loke's foreign partners began withdrawing their financial support and he felt the impact. Loke disclosed that for some years in the mid-1950s, he did not draw any salary.

In 1959, Loke consolidated his stable of companies - Associated Theatres, Loke Theatres and International Theatres - under Cathay Organisation, with plans to go public by the following year. Unfortunately the public listing was never realised in his lifetime.

Adding to Loke's woes, his marriage to Christina Lee ended in an acrimonious divorce in 1962. He was, however, able to find love soon after and in September the following year, he married Mavis Chew.

Loke Wan Tho and Mavis Chew on their wedding day in London, 1963.

Sadly, barely nine months later, the couple lost their lives when the plane they were on crashed in Taichung, Taiwan, shortly after takeoff on 20 June 1964. All 53 people on board died. Loke and Chew were returning home from the 11th Asian Film Festival, where Loke had received Golden Accolades awards on behalf of three Cathay Organisation stars. He had just turned 49 a few days before.

In 1965, Loke's mother donated the Dr Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill Collection to the National Library, which augmented the newly opened Southeast Asia Room that would house resources relating to the region. Gibson-Hill was the last expatriate director of the National Museum and a close friend of Loke's. Loke had received Gibson-Hill's collection of rare books upon the latter's death, just a year prior to his own passing. Considered at the time as "one of the most outstanding private collections of its kind in this part of the world", the collection includes 25 of Loke's personal titles on photography.

Minister for Culture S. Rajaratnam and Mrs Loke Yew, mother of the late Loke Wan Tho,
touring the National Library during her donation of the Dr Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill Collection
to the library, 1965. Accompanying them is Hedwig Anuar, director of the National Library.

In 1965, Mrs Loke Yew donated the Dr Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill Collection to the National Library of Singapore, "in fulfilment of the intention of her son". The Loke Wan Tho Memorial Library was opened in 1972 at Jurong Bird Park, with a $100,000 donation by Loke's mother and his sisters as well as his collection of books on birds, photographs and tape recordings of bird songs.

Loke's name also lives on in Wan Tho Avenue in Sennett Estate and the Loke Wan Tho Gallery at the Selegie Arts Centre. The gallery was launched in 1996 thanks to his contributions to the Photographic Society of Singapore and to commemorate his breadth of work in the field. In death, as in life, Loke has continued to make his mark.

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